Herb Substitutions
Gum Mastic Gum Tragacanth (for binding wet ingredients, not for incense use) |
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Valerian |
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Gum Mastic |
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Pine resin Dragon's Blood |
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Gum Mastic |
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Lavender oil |
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(Cinnamon sold in the US is actually the less expensive Cassia.) |
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Trefoil |
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Nutmeg |
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Cedar |
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Pine needles |
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(not for internal use) Woodruff Vanilla |
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Lavender oil |
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Pine resin |
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Nettle |
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Damiana Star Anise Bay |
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Lemon Verbena |
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Lemon peel |
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Frankincense |
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(any type) |
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Sage |
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Cinnamon |
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Grains of Paradise Black Pepper |
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Copal |
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Club Moss Asafoetida |
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Woodruff Vanilla bean |
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Deerstongue Tonka bean |
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Vanilla |
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